A remote lakeshore deep inside Yosemite National Park teems with life: coyotes, snakes, birds, tadpoles, frogs. The frogs are at the heart of this scene, which a decade ago was much different. It was quiet — and not in a good way. The frogs that are so central to this ecosystem were absent, extirpated by a deadly fungal disease known as amphibian chytrid fungus.

Now, thanks to the consistent and focused efforts of researchers and conservationists to save, then reintroduce, mountain yellow-legged frogs to this and numerous other lakes in Yosemite, their populations are again thriving.

A landscape-scale study led by UC Santa Barbara biologist Roland Knapp, with colleagues from UCSB, the University of Colorado Boulder, the University of Tennessee, and Yosemite National Park, details the long-term endeavor comprising 24 reintroductions across a dozen different Yosemite sites and over more than 17 years. In that time, remarkably, the frogs have developed some resistance to the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), allowing them to persist in its presence.

“Going back to some of these lakes where frogs are now recovering, and just sitting and watching, reminds you of what has been accomplished,” says Knapp, based at UCSB’s Sierra Nevada Aquatic Research Laboratory in Mammoth Lakes. “You sit on the bank and you have tadpoles all around you in the water and adult frogs sitting next to you on the shore. You have birds flying in and feeding on them, and snakes that are feeding on them. You have a lake that’s alive again.”

As it’s done to amphibians worldwide, Bd has devastated native frog populations in Yosemite. Once the most common amphibian in the high-elevation portion of California’s Sierra Nevada mountains, the Sierra Nevada yellow-legged frog (Rana sierrae) has disappeared during the past century from more than 90% of its historical range. It is currently listed as “endangered” under the Endangered Species Act. But in their long-term study, Knapp and co-researchers were able to successfully reestablish breeding populations by translocating Bd-resistant frogs to sites where the species had been wiped out.

The success of their recovery efforts is a beacon of hope for amphibian conservation.

“In our study, results from viability modeling suggest that many reintroduced populations have a high probability of persisting over 50 years,” Knapp says. “These results provide a rare example of how reintroduction of resistant individuals can allow the landscape-scale recovery of disease-impacted species, and have broad implications for amphibians and many other taxa that are threatened with extinction by novel pathogens.”

Amphibians are the most threatened vertebrate class, with more than 40% of species threatened with extinction. In less than a generation, the human-driven emergence of the Bd fungus has devastated global amphibian biodiversity, with thousands of populations in decline or extirpated, and dozens of species now extinct in the wild. Even amphibians in the most protected habitats have fallen victim to what Knapp calls an “invisible killer.”

 All of which makes the success of this study even more “mind-blowing,” he says. “Considering where we were 10 or 15 years ago, when we weren’t sure if we were going to have this frog on the landscape anymore, to see how things are turning around — it’s incredible to see.”